Effects of shading intensity on growth and quality of Artemisia stolonifera / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shading intensity on the growth, yield, and quality of Artemisia stolonifera so as to provide references for the artificial cultivation of A. stolonifera. The seedlings of A. stolonifera with consistent growth underwent shading treatment at four shading intensity levels(0, 55%, 85%, and 95%) with different layers of black shading nets. The agronomic indexes, yield, moxa yield, total ash, quality characteristics of moxa during combustion and pyrolysis, main volatile components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were measured. The results showed that under shading conditions, the stem diameter, leaf width, 5-leaf spacing, branch number, and yield of A. stolonifera decreased significantly, while the plant height, leaf length, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and moxa yield increased first and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The burning performance of moxa under natural light was better than that under moderate and severe shading conditions. The content of eucalyptol first increased and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The humulene content was negatively correlated with shading intensity. Other major volatile components showed no significant difference under various shading conditions. The content of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoschaftoside, and isochlorogenic acid B was positively correlated with shading intensity, while the content of chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C decreased first and then increased with the increase in shading intensity. To sum up, A. stolonifera is a light-loving plant, and shading can greatly reduce the yield, the content of internal components, and the burning performance of moxa. It is the main reason why A. stolonifera is mainly distributed in the forest edge, open forest, roadside, and wasteland grass in the middle and high mountains in the wild. For artificial domestication and cultivation of A. stolonifera, it is better to select plots with sufficient light.

Sowing depth and light intensity in the emergence and development of monocotyledonous weeds

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sowing depths and light intensities on the emergence and development of the monocot weed species, Urochloa decumbens and Cenchrus echinatus, under field conditions. Each species constituted an experiment, and the experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme, with six sowing depths (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 cm) associated with four solar radiation intensities (100%, 70%, 50%, and 30%) obtained through the use of shading screens. Seedling emergence capacity was evaluated daily to obtain the emergence percentage and speed index. Plant height, floral induction time, and plant dry matter at flowering were measured. Even when subjected to different solar radiation intensities, U. decumbens and C. echinatus seedlings emerged at all the sowing depths. Sowing between 2.0- and 4.0-cm depths favored the emergence of seedlings of U. decumbens and C. echinatus. However, sowing at 12-cm depth reduced the emergence of both species regardless of the solar radiation intensity. Urichloa decumbens plants grown under conditions of greater shading showed the lowest values of height and dry matter accumulation during flowering. High levels of shading facilitated only the etiolation of C. echinatus plants. Increased shading flowering time in both species compared to full sunlight.

Defoliation heights for palisade grass cv. Marandu in silvopastoral system / [Alturas de desfolhação para capim-marandu em sistema silvipastoril]

The objective was to test the response of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in monoculture and in silvopastoral system (SPS), at two distances from the trees, and define the best defoliation height for SPS. Four intermittent defoliation heights (25, 35, 45 and 55cm) and two distances from tree lines (2.5 and 5.0m) were evaluated in the SPS with a control defoliated with 25cm in full sun. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with 3 replicates in a 4 × 2 + 1 split plot scheme. The control had higher forage accumulation (46.9kg/ha. day) than the SPS (31.1kg/ha. day). The bulk density was also higher in the control (0.89mg/cm³) than in SPS (0.48mg/cm³). The percentage of leaves (78.06%) and leaf/stem ratio (6.04) did not differ among the treatments. In the SPS, there was an increase of 31.07% in forage accumulation from 25 to 55cm. The forage accumulation and bulk density of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in monoculture is greater than in the SPS regardless of the management goal and the distance from trees. The goal of 55cm in the SPS presented greater forage accumulation.(AU)

O objetivo foi testar a resposta de pastos de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu em monocultivo e em sistema silvipastoril (SSP), a diferentes distâncias das árvores, bem como definir qual altura de desfolhação é a mais indicada para manejo em SPS. Foram avaliadas quatro alturas de desfolhação intermitente (25, 35, 45 e 55cm) e duas distâncias das linhas de árvores (2,5 e 5,0m), no SPS, e uma testemunha desfolhada com 25cm, em pleno sol. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 4 × 2 + 1. O controle apresentou maior acúmulo de forragem (46,9kg/ha.dia) que a média do SSP (31,1kg/ha.dia). A densidade volumétrica da forragem do controle (0,89mg/cm³) foi maior que a do SSP (0,48mg/cm³). A porcentagem de folhas (78,06%) e a relação folha/colmo (6,04) não diferiram entre os tratamentos. O aumento das alturas de 25 para 55cm no SSP resultou em aumento de 31,07% no acúmulo de forragem. O acúmulo e a densidade volumétrica da forragem são maiores no monocultivo, independentemente da meta de manejo e da distância das árvores no sistema silvipastoril. A meta de 55cm no silvipastoril apresenta maior acúmulo de forragem.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of Girolando heifers in integrated crop, livestock (ICL), and forestry (ICLF) systems / [Comportamento ingestivo de novilhas Girolando mantidas em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF]

Aiming to compare integrated crop, livestock (ICL) and forest (ICLF) systems in relation to ingestive behavior of dairy heifers, a 2 × 2 crossover trial was conducted with two periods and two systems. Eight Girolando (3/4holstein × 1/4 Gyr) heifers were evaluated in pasture of Xaraés palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Xaraes' syn Brachiaria brizantha) managed with intermittent stocking. The ICLF systemhad eucalyptus trees planted in tiers with 65% crown cover. Ingestive behavior parameters were obtained using acoustic data collected with mP3 recorders for 48hours. Statistical analysis was performed using the mixed procedure of SAS, and means were compared using the Tukey-Kramer test at 5% significance. The dry mater intake (DMI), number of daily grazing sessions, and the duration of the grazing sessions did not differ (P<0.05) between systems. A higher (P<0.05) bite rate and total daily bites and lower (P<0.05) bite mass was observed in the ICLF system in relation to ICL. Heifers in shaded pasture change their ingestive behavior in comparison with those in full-sun pasture.(AU)

Com o objetivo de comparar sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) em relação ao comportamento ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras, conduziu-se um ensaio em delineamento crossover 2 × 2, com dois períodos e dois sistemas. Oito novilhas Girolando foram mantidas em pastagens de capim-xaraés (Urochloa brizantha 'Xaraes' syn Brachiaria brizantha) manejadas com lotação intermitente. No sistema ILPF, havia renques de eucalipto com 65% de cobertura de copa. O comportamento ingestivo foi avaliado pela análise de áudios coletados com gravadores de Mp3, durante 48 horas. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se Proc mixed SAS. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey-Kramer, ao nível de 5% de significância. A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), o número de sessões de pastejo por dia e a duração das sessões de pastejo não diferiram (P<0,05) entre os sistemas. As maiores (P<0,05) médias de taxa de bocado e de número de bocados por dia e a menor (P<0,05) média de massa de bocado foram observadas no ILPF quando comparado ao ILP. Novilhas em pastagem sombreada alteram seu comportamento ingestivo quando comparadas àquelas que são mantidas em pastagem a pleno sol.(AU)

Productivity and growth in cowpea inoculated with rhizobia under different light environments

The objective of this work was to verify the influence of light environments combined with rhizobia inoculation on cowpea growth and productivity. A completely random design was used in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four light environments, four nitrogen sources and eight replicates in split plot parcels. Light environments were set by means of photo-conversion and thermo-conversion nettings (Aluminet®, red net and black net) and control treatment without shading (full sun). Nitrogen sources were constituted by the strains INPA 03-11B - SEMIA 6462 (Bradyrhizobium elkanni) and UFLA 03-84 - SEMIA 6461 (Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi), and two control treatments: with 70 kg ha-1 of mineral nitrogen and without N. Plant height, indices of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophill, the number of leaves, number of nodules, dry matter of nodules, dry matter of the aerial portion, dry matter of roots and total dry matter, relative efficiency, gathering of nitrogen in the aerial portion, number, length and matter of pods per plant and dry matter of 100 grains, were evaluated. . There was interaction between light conditions and nitrogen sources for the number of nodules. Individual effect was observed in all other variables. Strain INPA 03-11B was able to promote higher nodulation in cowpea plants in light environments under full sun and Aluminet and the strain UFLA 03-84 only under full sun conditions. However, the efficiency of diazotrophic bacteria to promote vegetative growth, nitrogen gathering and production was not influenced by different light environments. Thus, full sun cultivation is recommended, independently of the nitrogen source used.

Integrated management of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees): associating chemical control tools and plant physiology / Manejo integrado de capim-annoni (Eragrostis plana Nees): associando ferramentas do controle químico e fisiologia da planta

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of herbicides use in the control of tough lovegrass according to the availability of solar radiation and the presence or absence of flooded. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2x2x4 and 2x2x5 factorial scheme, where factor A was equivalent to the environment (natural or reduced radiation); factor B to water condition (with a 2 cm flooded or without); and, factor C the herbicides: cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), cyhalofop butyl + glyphosate (315 g ha-1 + 1080 g ha-1) and control (without application) in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the herbicides used were cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), sethoxydim (184g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 g ha-1) and control (without application). Glyphosate efficiently controls plants of tough lovegrass with four tillers (>90%), being superior to cyhalofop, imazethapyr and sethoxydim; independently, of resource conditions. Reduction in the availability of solar radiation generates less shoot dry mass production from the weed, and improves the control only by imazethapyr and cyhalofop. In general, a flooded condition does not affect tough lovegrass control by herbicides.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de uso de herbicidas no controle de capim-annoni em função da disponibilidade de radiação solar e da presença ou ausência de lâmina de água. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x4 e 2x2x5, em que o fator A equivaleu ao ambiente (radiação natural ou reduzida); fator B à condição hídrica (com lâmina d'água de 2 cm ou sem); e, o fator C aos herbicidas: cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), cyhalofop butyl + glyphosate (315 g ha-1+ 1080 g ha-1) e testemunha (sem aplicação) no primeiro experimento. No segundo experimento, os herbicidas utilizados foram: cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), sethoxydim (184 g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 g ha-1) e testemunha (sem aplicação). Glyphosate controla eficientemente plantas de capim-annoni com quatro afilhos (>90%), sendo superior a cyhalofop butyl, imazethapyr e sethoxydim, independente das condições. A redução da disponibilidade de radiação solar gera menor produção de matéria seca da parte aérea pelo capim-annoni, podendo inclusive, contribuir para maior eficiência de controle somente por imazethapyr e cyhalofop. De maneira geral, a condição de lâmina d'água não afeta o controle de capim-annoni pelos herbicidas.

Physiological indexes of mini tomato cultivars grown in a protected environment / Índices fisiológicos de cultivares de mini tomates cultivados em ambientes protegidos

Shading screens are widely used to control excessive solar radiation, thereby changing plant growth. Thus, through physiological indices the objective was to evaluate the growth of three cultivars of minitomatoes under colored meshes. The experiment was conducted from April to July in the DTCS / UNEB experimental field in experiment DBC with subdivided plots, and four replicates, comprised of three shaded environments and the control treatment, three cultivars, and seven plant sampling seasons. For growth analysis, we used the destructive method, total dry matter was determined after drying it in an oven at 65°C. The total leaf area (LAI) was obtained using the software QUANT. Results showed that there was no interaction between environments and the other factors. Regarding leaf area index, cvs. Shani and Sweet Million stood out in all environments, whereas cv. Red Sugar had a similar behavior in all environments. Shani obtained the best indices in open sun environment and in the environment covered with red shading screen, and Sweet Million obtained the best index under gray shading screen. Red Sugar had the lowest LAI, and consequently, the lowest SLA and LAR. On the other hand, it showed the highest RPF, since it obtained the highest dry matter in leaves compared to the other cultivars. Cvs. Shani and Sweet Million showed the best: TAL, TCR, TCA and TCC.

As telas de sombreamento são utilizadas para controlar a radiação solar excessiva, podendo alterar o crescimento das plantas. Desse modo, objetivou-se por meio de índices fisiológicos avaliar o crescimento de três cultivares de mini tomates sob malhas coloridas. O experimento foi conduzido no período de abril a julho no campo experimental do DTCS/UNEB em delineamento experimental DBC, com parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições, compostos de três ambientes sombreados além do controle, três cultivares e sete épocas de amostragens. Para análise de crescimento, utilizou-se o método destrutivo e as massas secas totais obtidas após secagem em estufa a 65°C. A área foliar total foi obtida usando-se o software QUANT. Os resultados mostraram que não houve interação entre os ambientes e os demais fatores. Quanto as cvs., para índice de área foliar (LAI), destacaram-se as cvs. Shani e Sweet Million dentro de cada ambiente, tendo a cultivar Red Sugar comportamento similar nos ambientes. A cv. Shani obteve os melhores índices no ambiente a céu aberto e com tela vermelha e a cv. Sweet Million o melhor índice na tela cinza. A cv. Red Sugar apresentou o menor LAI, e consequentemente à menor AFE e RAF, em contrapartida apresentou a maior RPF, uma vez que obteve a maior massa seca nas folhas quando comparada as outras cultivares. As cvs. Shani e Sweet Million apresentaram as melhores: TAL, TCR, TCA e TCC.

Effects of shading on the growth, development and yield of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) / Efeitos do sombreamento no crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade do feijão alado (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different shading regimes [i.e., 60% (heavy), 30% (moderate), and 0% (control)] on 25 traits associated with the morphological features, photosynthetic gas exchange and agronomic characteristics of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), an underutilized protein-rich legume from the tropics. Collectively, 80% of the studied variables displayed significant differences (P<0.05) between at least two shade treatments. Shading generally showed most pronounced effect on the physiological traits of the legume, whereby the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic and transpiration rate differed significantly among plants for all treatments. The non-shaded plants were observed to have superior growth and physiological responses than the shaded plants. Interestingly, the moderately shaded plants exhibited the highest yield per plant, which significantly differed from the non-shaded and heavily shaded plants. This indicated that winged bean can adapt to partial canopy cover, making it a potential nitrogen-fixing cash crop which can be planted together with fruit or oil trees in commercial plantations.

RESUMO: Foi conduzido um experimento para investigar os efeitos de diferentes regimes de sombreamento [60% (pesado), 30% (moderado) e 0% (controle)] em 25 características associadas às características morfológicas, trocas gasosas fotossintéticas e características agronômicas de feijão alado (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), leguminosa subutilizada rica em proteínas dos trópicos. Coletivamente, 80% das variáveis ​​estudadas apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre pelo menos dois tratamentos à sombra. O sombreamento mostrou efeito mais pronunciado nas características fisiológicas da leguminosa, pelo que a condutância estomática, a taxa fotossintética e a transpiração diferiram significativamente entre as plantas em todos os tratamentos. Observou-se que as plantas não sombreadas apresentaram crescimento e respostas fisiológicas superiores às plantas sombreadas. Curiosamente, as plantas moderadamente sombreadas exibiram o maior rendimento por planta, que diferiu significativamente das plantas não sombreadas e fortemente das sombreadas. Isso indica que o feijão alado pode se adaptar a cobertura parcial do dossel, tornando-o uma cultura potencial de fixação de nitrogênio que pode ser plantada em conjunto com árvores frutíferas ou oleaginosas em plantações comerciais.

Effect of Shading on Growth and Photosynthetic Physiological Parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus，and provide a theoretical basis for standardized planting and rational development and utilization of A. senticosus. Method:Three-year-old A. senticosus was used as the experimental sample.The growth parameters and photosynthetic physiological parameters of plant height，leaf number and leaf area were determined to study the effects of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthesis of A. senticosus. Result:Plant height，leaf number，and leaf area were significantly higher in the shading treatment than in the control group，and highest under moderate shading conditions.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate were significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，and decreased in the severe shading group，while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was significantly lower in the moderate shading group than in the other treatment groups.As the treatment time progressed，the initial fluorescence was not significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，but significantly higher in the severe shading group；the maximum fluorescence was significantly higher in the shading group than in the control group，in the moderate shading group.The potential photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemical efficiency were not significantly different between the moderate shading group and the control group and decreased in the severe shading group，which was significantly lower than other treatment groups. Conclusion:Shading treatment is beneficial to the growth of A. senticosus.The moderate shading condition can significantly improve the photosynthesis of A. senticosus.Severe shading treatment can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of A. senticosus leaves.This effect is related to the regulation of stomatal regulation. The activity of the photoreaction center is related.

Valor nutritivo do capim-xaraés em três intensidades luminosas / Nutritive value of xaraés palisade grass in three light intensities

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o valor nutritivo e a força de cisalhamento da cultivar de Urochloa brizantha (syn Brachiaria brizantha) cv Xaraés submetida a três intensidades luminosas e quatro cortes. O experimento foi conduzido na FMVZ - Unesp de Botucatu, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos: luminosidade natural, redução de 30% e 60% de luz, com quatro cortes e três repetições. As análises realizadas foram: composição bromatológica, digestibilidade e a força de cisalhamento. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade entre os tratamentos em nenhum dos cortes, mas a qualidade forrageira foi influenciada pelos níveis de intensidade de luz, tendo o tratamento com 60% de redução de luminosidade apresentado maiores concentrações de proteína bruta e cinzas, menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose, celulose e força de cisalhamento. Em relação aos cortes estudados, o primeiro teve o menor intervalo de corte e produziu forragem com qualidade superior em comparação ao último, pois obteve menor teor de fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, hemicelulose, celulose e consequente menor força de cisalhamento. Portanto, a redução de 60% de luminosidade é benéfica à qualidade e à força de cisalhamento da cultivar Xaraés.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value and shear strength of the Xaraés grass (Urochloa brizantha) under the three intensities of light and four cuts. The experiment was conducted at FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu, with a randomized block design, with the following treatments: natural luminosity, 30% and 60% light reduction, with four cuts and three replications. The analyzes were bromatological composition, digestibility, and shearing strength. There was no difference in digestibility between the treatments in any of the cuts, forage quality was influenced by the light intensity levels, and the treatment with 60% of light reduction produced higher concentrations of crude protein and ash, lower levels of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and shear strength. According to the studied cuts, the first one had the lowest cut interval and produced superior forage compared with the last one, as it obtained lower fiber content in acid detergent, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and consequent lower shear force. Therefore, the reduction of 60% of luminosity is beneficial to the quality and shear force of the Xaraés palisade grass.(AU)

Production of lettuce crop under foliar organo-mine ral fertilization and environment / Produção da alface cultivada sob fertilização organomineral via foliar e ambiência

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the organo-mineral foliar fertilization and the environment in the lettuce crop. The work was carried out in a soil classified as Quartzipsamments, with loam texture and low initial availability of nutrients. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 x 5, corresponding to two cultivars of lettuce (Crisp Vanda and Crisp Lucy Brown), two environments (with and without shading mesh at 35%) and five concentrations of Ferti Garden liquid fertilizer multipurpose via foliar, (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of the product in the solution), with 4 repetitions, containing 20 plants. Soil preparation was done manually and fertilized with 30 m3 hectare-1 of bovine manure, dead cover was also used. The foliar fertilizer was applied three times, at intervals of seven days, through a constant pressure sprayer, from 12 days after transplanting the seedlings. At 33 days after the transplant the plants were harvested and evaluated in the variables of head diameter, number of leaves, fresh matter and productivity. The cultivar Crisp Lucy Brown proved to be more demanding in terms of luminosity and mineral nutrition in relation to the cultivar Crisp Vanda. Therefore, the highest development and productivity of the Crisp Lucy Brown cultivar is obtained without shading mesh, with fertilization before sowing of 30 kg ha-1 of fowl bed and fertilization with 9.1% of the foliar fertilizer. While for the cultivar Crisp Vanda the highest productivity is obtained with shading mesh, and only with fertilization before sowing.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a influência da adubação foliar organominaral e ambiência no cultivo da alface. O estudo foi realizado em condições de campo, em solo classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico, com textura média e baixa disponibilidade inicial de nutrientes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em fatorial 2 x 2 x 5, correspondente a duas cultivares de alface (solta crespa: Vanda e repolhuda crespa: Lucy Brown), dois ambientes (presença e ausência de sombrite a 35%) e cinco concentrações do fertilizante líquido Ferti Garden Multiuso via foliar (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% do produto na calda), em 4 repetições, contendo 20 plantas. No preparo do solo foi realizado manualmente e fertilizado com 30 m3 hectare-1 de esterco bovino, sendo também adotado a cobertura morta. O fertilizante foliar foi aplicado três vezes em intervalos de sete dias via pulverizador de pressão constante, a partir do 12 dias após o transplantio das mudas. Aos 33 dias após o transplantio as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas quanto ao diâmetro da cabeça, número de folha, matéria fresca e produtividade. A cultivar Lucy Brown é mais exigente em luminosidade e nutrição mineral em relação a cultivar Vanda. O maior crescimento e produtividade dacultivar Lucy Brown é obtido na ausência de sombrite, com adubação de fundação com 30 kg ha-1 de cama aviária e adubação com 9,1% do fertilizante foliar. Enquanto para cultivar solta crespa: Vanda é obtido na presença de sombrite, apenas com adubação de fundação.

Response of growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Polygonatum cyrtonema to shading conditions / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different shading conditions on the growth,physiological characteristics and biomass allocation of Polygonatum cyrtonema,which offered a theoretical basis for its cultivation.Different light environments(100%,80%,60% and 35% light transmittance) were simulated with shading treatments.Growth and photosynthetic indexes of P.cyrtonema were measured and the variances were analyzed.The results show that shading decreased superoxide anion radical(O-·2)production rate and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) accumulation,kept the activity of SOD,POD and CAT enzyme at a high level.Furthermore,The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching index(q P) and effective quantum yield of photosystem II(ΦPSⅡ) of P.cyrtonema were increased while the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),Foand NPQ were decreased by shading.Shading is beneficial to P.cyrtonema growth,can increase the total biomass P.cyrtonema.The allocation proportion of biomass on the aerial portion of P.cyrtonema increased but underground parts decreased with increasing shading conditions.In this study,P.cyrtonema can grow well in shading conditions,shading is beneficial to the formation of the yield and quality of the rhizomes of P.cyrtonema,especially in 65% light transmittance.

Effects of shading on tuberous root traits, photosynthetic characteristics and gene transcription of Rehmannia glutinosa / 中草药

To reveal the effects of shading on tuberous root and photosynthetic characteristics of Rehmannia glutinosa, and analyze the molecular mechanism of shading affecting the expansion of R. glutinosa tuberous root by transcriptome sequencing. Methods: R. glutinosa plants were treated with full light, 60% shading and 90% shading. High-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the transcriptome of the R. glutinosa tuberous roots treated with full-light and 90% shading, and the differentially expressed genes were screened out. The expression characteristics of some genes in tuberous roots and leaves were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results: After shading, the number of parenchyma cell layers in the tuberous roots was decreased, but the proportion of ducts was increased, the length, diameter and fresh weight of tuberous roots were decreased significantly, and the tuberous roots barely expanded under 90% shading treatment. The number of parenchyma cell was decreased and the proportion of duct was increased in root tubers of R. glutinosa. With the increase of shading degree, the content of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll content were gradually decreased, and photosynthetic capacity was decreased. A total of 3 348 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome analysis, of which 1 396 were down-regulated and 1 952 were up-regulated. Through enrichment analysis of KEGG metabolic pathway, 1 668 differentially expressed genes (53.4%) were enriched into 117 metabolic pathways, and 17 of them were significantly enriched pathways. The plant hormone signaling pathway was enriched firstly, followed by the plant pathogen interaction pathway, the phenylethanoid glycoside biosynthesis pathway, starch and sucrose metabolic pathways were also enriched significantly. In the hormone signaling pathway, most of different expressed genes were up-regulated. Eleven expansin genes were down-regulated under 90% shading, only five expansin genes were up-regulated. Two of beta-amylase genes (Bmy) related to starch degradation were up-regulated when shading treated, while the sucrose phosphate synthase genes (SPS) were down-regulated. Most of the genes involved in lignin synthesis were down-regulated and most of the genes involved in cellulose synthesis were up-regulated. Conclusion: The photosynthetic capacity of R. glutinosa was decreased under shading conditions, and led to the accumulation of photosynthate decreased in its leaf and tuberous root. R. glutinosa plant responded to shading by regulating the differential expression of a series of hormone pathway genes, which prevent the expansion of tuberous roots.

Effects of shading on key enzyme genesexpression and accumulation of saponins in Panax japonicus var. major / 中国中药杂志

To explore the effects of shading and the expression of key enzyme genes on the synthesis and accumulation of Panax japonicus var. major saponins, different shading treatments (0%, 30%,50%) of potted P. japonicus var. major were used as test materials, the expression of three key enzyme genes(CAS,DS,-AS) of leaves and rhizomes in different growth periods of P. japonicus var. major was determined by real-time quantitative PCR, the content of total saponins was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results indicated that, in flowering stage, CAS,DS,-AS were highly expressed in the aerial parts of P. japonicus var. major, 30% shading treatment significantly inhibited the expression of CAS in leaves and promoted the expression of DS and -AS in stems, leaves and flowers, it was speculated that the main part of saponin synthesis was leaf in this stage. Both the expression levels of DS and -AS and changes in the content of total saponins in leaves showed a tendency of low-high-low throughout the growth cycle, correlation coefficient analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between them. Compared with control, the expression levels of DS and -AS and the content of total saponins were greatly enhanced under shading treatment, 30% shading treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of total saponins. Therefore, it is suggested that 30% shading treatment should be applied to the artificial cultivation of P. japonicus var. major, which is beneficial to the accumulation and quality improvement of saponins.

Study on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of Acanthopanax giraldii on different light intensity / 中国中药杂志

This article is aimed to study the response mechanism of Acanthopanax giraldii on different shading intensity to guide its artificial cultivation. The cultivated A. giraldii in Maoxian was used as the research object, set up different shading treatment groups, analyzed photosynthesis, physiology, submicroscopic structure to explore the response mechanism of A. giraldii to different light intensity. Light was the main influencing factor to photosynthetic rate.During morning and afternoon periods,the Pn of the CK group reduced by stomatal limitation and non stomatal limitation factors respectively. While during 14：30-18：30 period, the Pn of A₁ and A₂ groups reduced by non stomatal limitation factors.LSP, LCP and Rd of A₁ and A₂ groups were significantly lower than those of CK group;The content of SS and SP of A₁ and A₂ groups were lower than those of CK group. The content of Pro of CK group were significantly higher than those of group A₂.The activities of SOD and POD of them was higher than that of CK group,CAT activity of A₁ and POD activity of A₂ were relatively higher In their respective free radical scavenging system. Starch grain increased and base grana declined in the chloropalst of those group CK. The study results indicated that response mechanism of different shading conditions of A. giraldii under field cultivation conditions. Its could effectively adapt to environmental changes of the home cultivation,which provided a reference for ensuring yield and quality.

Plant morphology and herbage accumulation of signal grass with or without fertilization, under different light regimes / Morfologia e acúmulo de forragem de capim-braquiária com ou sem fertilização, sob diferentes regimes de luz

ABSTRACT: The silvopastoral system has been suggested as an alternative to recover degraded pastures in tropical regions. However, trees reduce the light available for pastures, which may affect the growth and herbage accumulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenesis, canopy structure and herbage accumulation of signalgrass ( Brachiaria decumbens ) subjected to three light regimes (0, 20 and 70% of natural shading) and two fertilization levels (presence or absence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Leaf and stem elongation rates increased under shading but did not vary with fertilization. The leaf appearance rate was greater under fertilizer treatment but was generally similar among light regimes. The tiller density was greater in full sun and lower in intense shading. Tiller density responded to fertilization under full sun and moderate shading. Herbage accumulation increased by 42% with fertilization under full sun, 12% under moderate shading and did not vary under intense shading. Results showed that even under fertilization the herbage accumulation was limited by reduced light. However, under moderate shade the fertilization was important to raise tiller population over the growth cycles.

RESUMO: Os sistemas silvipastoris têm sido sugeridos como alternativa para recuperação de pastagens em regiões tropicais. Entretanto, as árvores reduzem a disponibilidade de radiação para o pasto, o que pode influenciar no crescimento e acúmulo de forragem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a morfogênese, a estrutura do dossel e o acúmulo de forragem de Brachiaria decumbens , submetida a três regimes de luz (0, 20 e 70% de sombreamento natural) e dois níveis de fertilização (presença ou ausência de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio). As taxas de alongamento de folhas e colmos aumentaram com o sombreamento, mas não variaram com a fertilização. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas foi maior com a fertilização, mas, em geral, foi semelhante entre os níveis de sombra. A densidade de perfilhos foi maior no sol pleno e menor na sombra intensa. A densidade de perfilhos respondeu à fertilização sob sol pleno e sombra moderada. O acúmulo de forragem aumentou 42% com a fertilização no sol pleno, 12% na sombra moderada e não variou na sombra intensa. Os resultados mostraram que, mesmo com uso de fertilização, o acúmulo de forragem foi limitado pela redução de luz. Em condições de sombra moderada, a fertilização foi importante para aumentar a população de perfilhos ao longo dos ciclos de crescimento.

Influence of light on the initial growth of invasive Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer in the Brazilian semiarid region / Influência da luz no crescimento inicial da invasora Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer no semiárido Brasileiro

The invasion by Cryptostegia madagascariensis causes economic and environmental problems in Northeastern Brazil. Current study evaluates the initial growth of C. madagascariensis on light gradient. The experiment used 0, 30, 50 and 70% shading treatments arranged in a completely randomized design and evaluated in four periods, namely, 35, 50, 65 and 80 days. Height, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, number of side branches, number of leaves, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, root mass ratio, stem mass ratio, leaf mass ratio and leaf area/root mass ratio were evaluated. Results showed that the height was greater in shade environments, and the greater the available light, the greater was the number of side branches. C. madagascariensis is able to change the leaf area, specific leaf area and biomass allocation in different shadings. Since C. madagascariensis varies growth forms and performs morphological adjustments to increase light uptake, the plant has warranted success during the initial growth under different shadings.

A invasão da Cryptostegia madagascariensis causa problemas econômicos e ambientais no Nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o crescimento inicial da C. madagascariensis em gradiente de luz. O experimento utilizou os tratamentos de 0, 30, 50 e 70% de sombreamento, dispostos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e avaliados em quatro períodos: 35, 50, 65 e 80 dias. Foram avaliados a altura, a taxa de crescimento absoluto, a taxa de crescimento relativo, o número de ramos laterais e de folhas, a área foliar, a área foliar específica, a razão de área foliar, a razão de massa da raiz, a razão de massa do caule, a razão de massa das folhas e a razão área foliar/massa da raiz. Os resultados mostraram que a altura foi maior em ambientes sombreados e, quanto mais luz disponível, maior o número de ramos laterais. A C. madagascariensis é capaz de alterar a área foliar, a área foliar específica e na alocação de biomassa nos diferentes sombreamentos. Portanto, a C. madagascariensis varia a forma de crescimento e realiza ajustes morfológicos para aumentar a captação de luz, o que garantiu seu sucesso durante o crescimento inicial em diferentes sombreamentos.

Germinação de 15 espécies vegetais do cerrado sob diferentes condições de luz / Germination of 15 cerrado plant species under different light conditions

A ausência de conhecimento sobre a germinação de plantas do Cerrado tem sido apontada como importante obstáculo à propagação dessas espécies e, consequentemente, à restauração da vegetação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o comportamento de quinze espécies herbáceas, arbustivas e arbóreas do Cerrado, semeadas em diferentes condições de luz. Realizamos um experimento em viveiro, onde as sementes foram expostas a pleno sol e sob sombreamento a 75%, com cinco repetições por espécie e 10 tubetes por repetição, totalizando 1500 sementes. Acompanhamos a germinação diariamente durante nove meses. Das quinze espécies estudadas doze germinaram, sendo três apenas na sombra e quatro apenas a pleno sol. De modo geral, a germinação foi baixa, sendo que seis espécies tiveram no máximo 10% de sementes germinadas. Somente duas espécies apresentaram germinação superior a 50%. Três espécies apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os dois tratamentos para a germinação: Cyrtocymura scorpioides e Fimbristylis autumnalis, típicas de fisionomias campestres, cuja germinação foi maior a pleno sol, e Styrax pohlii, espécie de ambiente florestal, que germinou mais à sombra, características essas que podem explicar os resultados observados. Algumas espécies permaneceram viáveis no substrato por muito tempo e continuaram germinando mesmo cinco meses após a semeadura. Esses resultados confirmam que a luz pode influenciar diferentemente a germinação das plantas do Cerrado. As baixas taxas de germinação e a variabilidade no tempo para germinar são importantes desafios a serem superados pela ciência e pela tecnologia para a propagação das espécies do Cerrado, seja por meio da produção de mudas ou semeadura direta. Informações sobre as respostas das espécies a diferentes fatores abióticos são essenciais para aumentar as chances de sucesso dessas técnicas, permitindo ampliar o número de espécies a serem utilizados na restauração.

The lack of knowledge about germination of Brazilian Savanna species has been pointed out as an important constrain to their propagation and, as a consequence, to ecological restoration. The aim of this study was to assess the germination of fifteen herb, shrub and tree Savanna species under different light conditions. We carried out a nursery experiment, sowing the seeds under full sunlight and 75% shade. The experimental design comprised five replicates per species and 10 pots per replicate, in a total of 1500 seeds. We monitored germination daily during nine months. Twelve out of the fifteen species germinated, being three exclusively under 75% shade and four exclusively under full sun. The overall germination was low; six species showed no more than 10% of germination and only two species germinated more than 50%. Three species differed significantly between treatments: Cyrtocymura scorpioides and Fimbristylis autumnalis, which are frequent in open grassland savannas and showed higher germination under full sun, and Styrax pohlii, which is more common in wooded savannas and had higher germination under shade. The natural occurrence of those species in such environments might help to explain our results. Some species remained viable for a long time in the soil, and still germinated five months after sowing. Our results agree with other studies showing that light may differently affect germination of savanna species. The low germination rates and the variability in the time to germinate are important challenges to be overcome by science and technology for the propagation of the Cerrado species, either through the production of seedlings or direct sowing. Information on species response to different abiotic factors are essential to increase the chances of success of such techniques, and to increase the number of species to be used in restoration projects.

Preparados homeopáticos e ambiente de cultivo na produção e rendimento de quercetina em carqueja [Baccharis trimera (Less) DC. ] / Homeopathic preparations and crop environments through production and yield of quercetin on carqueja plants [Baccharis trimera (Less) DC. ]

A carqueja (Baccharis trimera) é uma espécie da família Asteraceae muito utilizada na medicina popular por apresentar várias atividades biológicas relacionadas à seus metabólitos secundários, entre eles os flavonoides. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de preparados homeopáticos e do ambiente de cultivo na produção e rendimento de flavonoides totais expressos em quercetina por plantas de carqueja. Foi adotado o esquema fatorial 6 x 2 no delineamento inteiramente casualisado, sendo 5 tratamentos homeopáticos: Silicea CH6, CH12, CH30, D7 e Equisetum D7 e controle (etanol 70%) x 2 ambientes de cultivo: estufa e tela de sombreamento 50%, com 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos homeopáticos foram aplicados na concentração de 25 gotas/500 mL de água destilada usando borrifadores manuais. Cada planta recebeu 10 mL da solução por aplicação, via foliar. As aplicações foram realizadas sempre pela manha, três vezes por semana, em dias alternados, durante dois meses (27/07/2010 a 27/09/2010). A interação entre os fatores, assim como os fatores independentes foram comparados pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O efeito dos preparados homeopáticos e dos dois ambientes de cultivo em plantas de carqueja foi avaliado pelas variáveis: massa fresca (MFPA), massa seca (MSPA) e teor de quercetina (QCT) na parte aérea das plantas. As variáveis MFPA e QCT foram influenciadas pelos ambientes de cultivo, pelos preparados homeopáticos e pela interação entre os dois fatores. A variável MSPA foi influenciada apenas pela interação dos fatores. Plantas cultivadas em ambiente com 50% de sombreamento associadas à aplicação dos preparados homeopáti-cos Silicea CH6 e D7, apresentaram maior rendimento em querceti-na. Plantas cultivadas na estufa associadas à aplicação do Equisetum D7 apresentaram menor rendimento em quercetina.

The carqueja plant (Baccharis trimera) is a specie of the family Asteraceae widely used in folk medicine for presenting various biological activities, due to the high content of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of homeopathic preparations and crop environments through production and yield of quercetina on carqueja plants. The experiment was a factorial scheme (6X2) on completely randomized design with 5 homeopathic treatments: Silicea CH6, CH12, CH30, D7 and Equisetum D7 e control (70% ethanol) x 2 crop environments: greenhouse and shade 50% and 4 replicates, totaling 48 experimental units. The treatments were applied at concentration of 25 drops/500 mL of distilled water using hand sprayers. Each plant received 10 mL via leaves. The prepara-tions were sprayed always on mornings, three times a week on alternate days during two months (27/09/2010 to 27/11/2010). The interaction between the factors as well as the independents factors were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The effect of homeopathic preparations and the two crop environments on carqueja plants were evaluated through the variables: fresh matter of aerial part (FMAP), dry matter of aerial part (DMAP) and flavonoids content (QCT). The variables FMAP and QCT were significantly influenced by the crop environments, the preparations and interaction between the two factors. The DMAP was only influenced by the interaction of the two factors. The 50% shade environment associated with Silicea CH6 or D7 increased yield of quercetin. The greenhouse environment associated with Equisetum D7 decreased yield of quercetin.

Crescimento vegetativo e produção de óleo essencial de plantas de alecrim cultivadas sob telas coloridas / Vegetative growth and yield of essential oil of the rosemary plants development when cultivated under colored screens

O alecrim é planta exótica e o interesse no seu cultivo tem crescido ao longo dos anos, pois pode ser utilizado tanto para fins medicinais como aromáticos e largamente utilizado na medicina popular; no entanto, o conhecimento fitotécnico sobre a espécie é bastante limitado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo, o teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial de plantas de alecrim, cultivadas sob telas com diferentes características espectrais. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições, sob estruturas cobertas individualmente nas cores vermelha e azul, com sombreamento de 50% e a pleno sol (0%). Quatro meses depois, foram avaliadas as características de crescimento: altura do ramo principal, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caule e raízes, os índices fisiológicos: razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE) e a razão de peso foliar (RPF) e o teor e rendimento do óleo essencial. Plantas de alecrim cultivadas em pleno sol e sob malha azul produziram maior biomassa seca de folhas e maiores teores e rendimentos do óleo essencial. O ambiente a pleno sol influenciou o crescimento, a produção de biomassa e as variáveis AF, AFE, RAF e RPF de plantas de alecrim em relação às plantas cultivadas sob telas coloridas. As plantas submetidas às condições de sombreamento apresentaram maior massa seca foliar e caulinar. Porém, conclui-se que altas intensidades alteraram significativamente a distribuição de massa seca particionada e que o uso de diferentes telas não influenciou nas características fisiológicas das plantas de alecrim, independente da cor.

Rosemary is an exotic plant and the interest in its cultivation has been growing along the years, because it can be used for medicinal or aromatic ends used in popular medicine, however the agricultural knowledge about the species is quite limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and the content and yield of the essential oil of rosemary plant when grown under fabric screens with different spectral characteristics. Plants were grown in pots distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates, under structures individually covered in red and blue fabric, with 50% shade and full sunlight (0%).Four months later, we assessed both growth characteristics: main branch height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, dry matter of leaves, stems and roots and physiological indices: leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) content and yield of the essential oil. Rosemary plants grown under full sun and blu net produced higher dry leaf biomass and higher essential oil content and yield The full sun environment influenced the growth, biomass production and the variables LA, SLA, LAR and LWR in rosemary plants in comparison to plants grown under colored fabric screens. Plants under shading conditions showed higher leaf and stem dry mass. However, it is concluded that high intensity significantly alter the distribution of partitioned dr237y mass and that the use of different fabric screens did not affect the physiological characteristics of rosemary plants, regardless its color.